Arabic Pop Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arabic Pop Music - Essay Example â€Å"The music of the Arab world is diverse; and includes several types of genres ranging from the classical tradition to the pop culture and from the sacred to the secular. While Arab music is an independent style of music with a distinct sound, it has a long history of interaction with different styles and genres of music† (Michigan Arab Orchestra, 2013). Pop music is extremely popular in Arab world at present. In fact, Arabs were able to develop a unique genre; Arabic Pop Music. Arabic pop music is popular in the Arab world since it is composed in Arabic language. Moreover, the composers of Arabic pop music consider the Arab cultural traits while composing it. Thus, Arabic pop music is more enjoyable to Arab people than other types of pop music since it is composed in their own language. This paper analyses various dimensions of Arabic Pop music. Definition of Arabic Pop Music Arabic Pop music is the form of pop music in the Arab World. It includes several genres and style s of music ranging from pop music to classical music. It contains secular as well as sacred music themes. â€Å"Arabic music, while independent and very alive, has a long history of interaction with many other regional musical styles and genres†(Arabic music, 2013). Such interactions with other music styles caused the evolution of different music styles in the Arab world. The interactions with the pop music helped the Arab world to formulate Arab form of pop music which is known as Arabic Pop Music now. Arabic pop singers The latter part of twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty first century have witnessed many changes in the Arabic Pop Music. Plenty of unique styles and rhythms were used in Arabic Pop Music during this period. Some of the prominent musicians and singers who contributed heavily to the development of Arabic Pop Music in recent times are; Sabah, Warda Al-Jazairia, Magida El Roumi, Nawal El Kuwaiti, Latifa, Samira Said, Angham, Asalah Nasri, Thekra, Kadhem Al Saher, Amr Diab, Diana Haddad, Najwa Karam, Nawal Al Zoghbi, Ehab Tawfik, Hisham Abbas, Wael Kfoury, Amal Hijazi, Elissa, Nancy Ajram, Haifa Wehbe, Maria Tekdep, Aldo (musician) and Natacha Atlas(Arabic Music Overview, 2010). Origin and Development of Arabic Pop Music In the 20th century, Egypt was the first in a series of Arab countries to experience a sudden emergence of nationalism, as it became independent after 2000 years of foreign rule. Turkish music, popular during the rule of the Ottoman Empire in the region, wa s replaced by national music. Cairo became a center for musical innovation (Arabic Music Overview, 2010). The 2000 years of foreign rule helped Egypt to get proper awareness about foreign culture. In other words, the life styles, cultural traits and the behaviors of the foreigners have caused huge changes in traditional Egyptian life styles. It should be noted that pop music was one of the favorite musical forms for the foreigners, while they were ruling Egypt. As a result of that locals in Egypt got plenty of awareness about the pop music composing and they started to blend pop music with their local music. The outcome was the evolution of a new music form in Arab world; Arabic Pop Music. Unlike traditional Arabic music, Arabic pop music composers started to compose music in a secular manner. The major theme of all traditional Arabic music was religion, customs and beliefs. However, the entry of pop music forced Arabic musicians to change the traditional norms of

Ownership and Control as Important Aspect of the Media Essay Example for Free

Ownership and Control as Important Aspect of the Media Essay Discuss two contrasting theories and relevant studies to explain the extent to which ownership and control is an important aspect of the media. The term mass media is essentially information which is targeted at a large audience. The Mass media is a global industry which has played a major role in shaping society over the 20th century. As technology has developed and created the opportunity to communicate with huge numbers of people, the mass media has developed and with it the media’s impact on society. Over the last fifty years the media has changed its shape yet again to fit in with our increasingly technological society; various forms of new media have appeared: smartphones, laptops, internet and ipods. The general aim of these new mediums is to allow greater flexibility to the user and access media while mobile, also they are not physical forms of media but electronic, which has its own advantages and disadvantages. There have also been major changes in ownership and control of the media; it has become both increasingly concentrated and transnational. An example would be the controversial Mr. Murdoch. His News International group owns over one third of newspapers in Britain, Two other companies, Mirror Group Newspapers and United Newspapers own another 40 per cent between them. This clearly shows that the bulk of the power is held by only a few individuals, this creates very serious political and economical implications. Murdoch’s paper has been partially responsible for getting each government elected over the past fifty years; every party he has supported over the years has won. Two main sociological theories are used to explain ownership and control of the mass media: Pluralist theory and Marxist theory. Each have there own interpretations of the issues and subsequent strengths and weaknesses which I shall now discuss. Pluralist theory is all about power in society. They believe that no one group or elite dominates society. It is essentially a functionalist view. Instead Pluralists believe that there is a range of interest groups who share power. Pluralists argue that the mass media reflect such a range of interests. They argue that the mass media simply reflect what we, the public, want. If it is biased it is because that is the view people want to hear, it simply reflects the publics opinion rather than trying to make people think a particular way. For example the British press is generally conservative; Pluralists argue this is because British society is generally conservative. Pluralists would also say that the mass media provides a wide and diverse choice for the consumer. Therefore there is no single dominant ideology but a genuine choice for the consumer. Minority views are expressed just the same as the dominant views. Because of this Pluralists argue that the mass media has little or no influence on the views of the masses. At most it simply reinforces what people already believe. Pluralism recognizes the ability of the individuals to make up there own mind about key issues. For example, in the general elections of 1997 and 2001 viweing figures dropped sharply during the campaign, suggesting most people had decided who to support before the campaign even started. Furthermore in the 1992 elections the swing to the conservatives was just as great from the neutral Independent as is was from those who read pro-conservative tabloids. Even readers of The Sun, which was strongly against a conservative government, indicated in election polls that they had voted conservative. The Pluralist perspective is criticized for ignoring clear evidence of bias, mainly political bias and the influence it can have on society. For example, the political party supported by Rupert Murdoch’s papers has won every election since 1979. When he decided to switch from Labour to Conservative in 1997, there was a 15 per cent swing to Labour amongst readers of The Sun. This clear evidence of bias due to the views of a single man is ignored by the Pluralist perspective. The impact of the mass media is obviously key to election campaigns and has a massive impact on society as a whole. Arguably Rupert Murdoch alone has been responsible, in part, for getting each government elected since 1979. This clearly is very undemocratic and bad for the country. The Marxist conflict theory views the mass media as a means of not only influencing people, but also controlling them. It is used as a tool by the ruling class to maintain control and power through transmitting a conformist conservative view of the world. Sociologist have created two general views within Marxism, Manipulative Marxism – which places emphasis on the mass media as a form of economic capitalism and Hegemonic Marxism – which emphasises the mass media as a means whereby the ruling class project a culture which reflects their own norms and values, to the exclusion of all others. The concentration of ownership increases such control. Marxists also argue that the ruling class use the media as a filter through which information is passed to the mass of the population. In emphasizing the acceptance of the status quo, the media resists change and therefore works against the interests of the working class. The media therefore will project capitalism positively, creating a false class consciousness to the proletariat to prevent them realizing their exploitation and thus overthrow capitalism. Because of the established media moguls such as Rupert Murdoch it is difficult for small firms and individuals to gain much credit and fame. The Marxist perspective is seen as strong in analyzing the mass media from a conflict perspective. In doing so it helps to explain the mass media as a source of inequality within capitalist society. It also helps to explain the perceived bias within the media. For Marxists this is particularly important in a political and economical context. Marxism identifies and analyses political bias within the media, for example the consumerism culture that the newspapers promote. However, the Marxist theory is criticized for underestimating the ability of individuals to absorb information and make up there own minds about what they agree with or disagree with. Critics argue that people are not like robots who passively accept what they are told, rather they critically judge a variety of issues and make up there own mind using what they have been told and their own individual experience with the issue. James Curran, in Mass Media and Democracy: A reppraisal (1991), argues that the growth of commercial radio and television re-affirms the view that there is a widespread choice with a core public sector combined with an expanding private sector. Thus, the impact of ownership and control is negligible given the real and diverse choice that exists. Currans study supports the Pluralist perspective. Studies such as Curran’s are strong in recognizing the changing nature of British industry and how it applies to the mass media. Such conclusions are supported by the reality of the mass media that, despite a concentration of ownership, is run by a diverse range of individuals from different social backgrounds, through joint stock companies. However, this tends to ignore the fact that the largest proportion of shares in any public liability company is owned by either wealthy individuals or large institutional shareholders. From a Marxist perspective the ruling class is seen as an agent of ideological control in modern society, used by the ruling class to establish and impose its values on the working class. This is a view taking by Miliband in The State in Capitalist Society (1973). Miliband argues that the mass media is an agent of capitalist control, rejecting the pluralist theory that there is genuine choice.

Financial Failure Company

Financial Failure Company Advantages disadvantages of Altman Z score Argenti A score model for predicting company failure which is useful to different groups in society and extent to which these models rely on published financial statements. The financial failure of a company can have a devastating effect on the all seven users of financial statements e.g. present and potential investors, customers, creditors, employees, lenders, general public etc. As a result, users of financial statements as indicated previously are interested in predicting not only whether a company will fail, but also when it will fail e.g. to avoid high profile corporate failures at Enron, Arthur Anderson, and WorldCom etc. Users of financial statements can predict the financial position of an organisation using the Altman Z score model, Argenti model and by looking at the financial statements i.e. balance sheet, income statements and cash flow statements. Megginson Smart (2006, p.898, para3) defined business failure as the unfortunate circumstance of a firms inability to stay in the business. Business failure occurs when the total liabilities exceeds the total assts of a company, as total assets is consider a measure of productivity of a company assets. This essay looks at the pro and cons of models in predicting corporate failures in order to measure the financial position of the company. Neophytou, Charitou Charalambous (2001) identified reasons for business failure as i.e. high interest rates, recession squeezed profits, heavy debt burdens, government regulations and the nature of operations can contribute to a firms financial distress. The traditional analysis of financial ratios has been widely used in disclosing of operative and financial difficulties of an organization. Traditional ratio analysis allows the users of financial statements to understand the firms performance when placed in environment e.g. the firms previous performance, existing economic climate etc. However, the ratio analyses is a good indicator to measure the performance but sometimes, it is hard to achieve the required result due to different accounting policies, resulting in difficult to analyse the company performance based on only an individual ratio. Liquidity or working capital ratios are the foundation for analysis of potential corporate failure, which is significant to investors as the y wish to know whether additional funds could be loaned to the company with reasonable safety and whether the business is able to return back the interest and the principal itself. Business failures can be predicted by approaches like Z score and A score models, using a number of financial variables. Megginson Smart (2006, p.914, para1) defined Z score as the product of a quantitative model that uses a blend of traditional financial ratios and a statistical technique known as MDA. Altman (1968) used multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) in the effort to find a bankruptcy prediction model. Altman (1968) combined five ratios to produce Z score. Elliott Elliott (2006) states that companies with a Z score of 2.7 or more indicated as non failure or a going concern and firms with a Z score of 1.8 or less indicated as failure. Z score is between a grey area. Altmans Z score is found to be about 90% accurate in forecasting bankruptcy one year in the future and about 80% accurate in forecasting in two years in the future. Resultantly, Altman Z score model is useful for the management of the company to improve the potential ability and also helps the users of the financ ial statements to make essential economic decisions. The users of financial statements use Z score model in order to assess the financial position of the company e.g. shareholders of a firm may use Z score to provide an early warning signal of failure i.e. to evaluate the degree of risk attached to the investment. Customers of the company may be interested in the future supplies of the product and services. If the Z score is negative, it shows that the business is at risk and customers might opt for alternative products. In the last decade, the usefulness of financial ratios for decision making has been paid increasingly attention, due to the fact that if the business fails the investors, employees, lenders, creditors etc. may all suffer the loss. Elliott Elliott (2006, p.703, para2) pointed out that the Z score analysis can be employed to rise above some of the limitations of traditional ratio analysis as it assess corporate stability and more significantly predicts potential case of corporate failures. However, Altman Z score model also have some disadvantages. Pike and Neale (2003) state that the Z score model is based on the historical financial data, which is a big problem in making economic decision making because some of the present circumstances can be different from the past. Also, some of the accounting policies used by companies which makes it difficult to get the required result from the Altman Z score model. In other words, we can say that corporate failure models relate to the past i.e. without taking into account the current state of the macroeconomic environment e.g. the level of inflation, interest rates etc. The publication of accounting data by companies is subject to a delay, failure might occur before the data becomes available. These failure models share the limitations of the accounting model including the accounting concepts and conventions on which they are based. Regan (2002) also identified various limitations of the Z score model i.e. use of historical dat a which is consistent with findings of Pike and Neale (2003). Also, Regan (2002) stated that there is lack of conceptual base in Z score model and lack of sensitivity to time scale of failure i.e. time factors may not be fully taken into account. Other limitation of Z score model is that it does not provides the theory to explain bankruptcy, it only check the financial position of the company and not the fact that how to recover from this financial distress. (Taffler and Agarwal, 2007) Argenti A score model is also a well known approach for predicting corporate failures use by various users of financial statements. Sori, Hamid and Nassir (2004) pointed out the identification of potential failures can be done through a qualitative approach e.g. Argenti failure model (1976). They stated that a qualitative approach usually examines the non-financial variables such as type of management, the number of active shareholders, the availability of effective accounting information systems and also the levels of gearing in different economic situations. Elliott Elliott (2006, p.706, para1) states that Argenti developed a model to predict the likelihood of company failure. This model is based on calculating scores for a company based on three stage events i.e. defects of the company, management mistakes and the symptoms of failure. In calculating company A score, different scores are allocated to each defect, mistake and symptom according to their importance. The defect exists in the organizations top management which rises due to accounting systems and wrong decisions. Management fault can lead to company failure which is high geared, over trading etc. Due to these defects and mistakes, symptoms of business failure will started to rise. Various symptoms include high staff turnover, delayed management decisions etc. If a company achieve a overall score of over 25 or a defect score of over 10, or a mistake score of over 15, then the company is showing classic signs leading up to failure. However, a business is understood to be a going concern if the overall score of the company mistakes and defects below 18 (Elliott Elliott, 2006). A score model is the best tool to analyze the management performance and non financial procedure to predict the corporate failures. There are also some limitations of Argentis model. The financial health of an organization cannot be explained by specific financial indicators e.g. liquidity, return on investment, profit etc. The existence of management errors in different failure paths is also not totally clear, resulting in little differences between them (Ooghe and Prijcker, 2007). There is also no proper rule to calculate the points of defects, mistakes and symptoms which give a rise to situation that A score model is complex but Z score model provides a exact figure to predict the corporate failures (Elliott and Elliott, 2006). In conclusion, this essay looks at different approaches i.e. Z score, A score to predict companies failures and their pro and cons in relation to economic decision making. Users of financial statements rely on true and fair view of these statements, so they can get an idea of the financial position of a company because of the fact that investors are interested in their returns plus dividend, employees are interested because of the job security and bonuses etc. The traditional ratio analysis is an excellent indicator but it cannot make all decisions single handily. Z score model is based on ratios, which are based on accounting information. Z score model reduces the risk for the investors, creditors, customers, lenders etc. and enable the management of the company to increase profit levels, productivity and shareholders wealth. Altman Z score model is the best approach to predict corporate failure because it gives an exact benchmark for decision making. (Elliott and Elliott, 2006). Ho wever, publishing poor Z score of an company can also have devastating effect on the business itself as investors might withdraw the investment in the business which might result in its financial collapse of the company. Argenti A score model is a good approach to measure the managers performance that shows the success or failure of a company. Corporate failures are common in competitive business environment where only the fittest company has a guarantee to survive in the market discipline. The financial distress on a company and its management can have an intense effect on how the firm behaves and how its investors, suppliers and customers see it. When a company is in financial distress, suppliers are reluctant to extend credit and customers are concerned about future supplies, warranties and after sales services. If a company has a support of its shareholders, then the company has more chances to survive especially in this subprime mortgage crises and credit crunch era. Both the qualitative and quantitative information are important in identifying financially distressed firms e.g. the financial information, share price, bank debts which also are the important distressed signals for potential failures. Predicting variables other than financial ratios may prove beneficial for the company e.g. management skills experience and other behavioural aspects that have an impact on the day to day running of the firm, could be significant in a bankruptcy prediction model. References Altman, E. (1968), Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy, Journal of Finance, Vol. 23 No. 4, September, pp. 580-609. Argenti, J. (1976) Corporate Collapse: The Causes and Symptoms, London: McGraw-Hill. Elliott, B and Elliott, J. (2006) Financial Accounting and Reporting, 10th edition, Prentice Hall, FT. Megginson, W., and Smart S. (2006), Introduction to Corporate Finance, Thomson Learning. Neophytou, E., Charitou, A., Charalambous, C., (2001). Predicting Corporate Failure: Emprical Evidence for the UK. Discussion Paper No. 01-173, March 2001, School of Management: University of Southampton, UK. Ooghe, H., and Prijcker S., (2007), Failure processes and causes of company bankruptcy: a typology, Working paper. Pike, R. and Neale, B. (2003) Corporate Finance and Investment: Decisions and Strategies, 4th edition: Prentice Hall Regan, OP (2002), Financial Information Analyses, John Wiley Sons. Taffler, J.R. and Agarwal, V (2007) Twenty-five years of the Taffler z-score model: does it really have predictive ability? Accounting and Business Research, 37(4), p. 285 Sori, Z., Hamid, M., and Nassir, A., (2004), Perceived failure symptoms: evidence from an emerging capital market.

Iphigenia, The Diary of a Young Lady Who Wrote Because She Was Bored Es

Expression and Repression in Parra’s Iphigenia, The Diary of a Young Lady Who Wrote Because She Was Bored Like Ruby, Iphigenia uses water imagery to dramatize her feelings and fantasies. But she also turns to the river to express her wants and desires because she cannot do so freely in her Venezuelan home. After the death of her father, Marà ­a Eugenia leaves Venezuela and her best friend Christina, to visit friends of the family in Paris. In Paris she experiences a sense of freedom that she has never known before, walking the streets alone, going to operas, and dressing as she pleases. But when she gets back to Caracas to live with her aunt and grandmother, she becomes bored, feels imprisoned, and finds out that her Uncle Eduardo stole her inheritance, leaving her penniless and completely dependent upon him. Her only recourse is to get married to a wealthy suitor. Unfortunately, Marà ­a Eugenia falls in love with Gabriel, who is not her family’s suitor of choice. Uncle Eduardo moves the family to the country and intercepts Gabriel’s letters to Marà ­a Eugenia. Soon Leal, a suitor to the family’s liking, whom Marà ­a Eugenia does not love, asks her to marry him and she accepts. A short time later, Marà ­a Eugenia’s uncle Pancho falls ill, and Gabriel, a doctor, comes to the house to tend to him. When they see each other again, Marà ­a Eugenia and Gabriel realize that they are both still in love, and he entreats her to run away with him, but Marà ­a Eugenia cannot summon the courage to accept his offer. Instead, she accepts the life that her family condones, sacrificing herself as Leal’s wife. In this story water is closely associated with Marà ­a Eugenia’s ability to express herself. She struggles throughout the novel to communicat... ...eal because of their influence. Splitting off from her family by going to Paris, confiding in and symbolically becoming the water, the green-world token, falling in love with Gabriel, the green-world lover, rebelling from her family, and engaging her unconscious bring her to the tip of self realization. But as a result of the influence of her family, Marà ­a Eugenia accepts her family’s expectations as her own, that which is contrary to the desires she expresses in the process of her transformational journey. In Pratt’s words, instead of growing up, Marà ­a Eugenia experiences a â€Å"growing down† in which the protagonist accepts â€Å"auxiliary or secondary personhood† instead of self realization (36, 168). Instead of accepting herself during the process of individuation she rejects her love for Gabriel and her desire for freedom to conform to the wishes of her family.

Relieving pain and inflammation Essay

1.1 The holistic approach is important as it focuses on relieving pain and inflammation without harming the body. It also promotes the bodies healing response so that the area of injury is healed as quickly and completely as possible. 1.2 One approach to alleviate and minimise pain and discomfort is to show the individual that you are concerned about them and their well being. Let the individual know you are here to help themand want what is best for them. Another approach would be to let the individual know that other people have had the same problem and its nothing to be ashamed or frightened of, some older people may feel they are being a burden and not want to bother anyone, it is important for them to know this isnt the case. Be sincere, smile hold the individuals hand if they are scared. 1.3 Below is an outline of the agreed ways of working to alleviate pain and minimise discomfort. Pain awareness, you should be alert to the possibility of pain and discomfort in older people and that older people are often reluctant to report the pain as they dont want to be a burden to anyone or may be afraid to tell anyone. Pain enquiry, it is impotant to enquire about pain it is helpful if you use alternative words like where are you sore? Have you got an ache anywhere? Are you hurting? Pain description, where pain is present it is important for a clinical assessment to take place. The sensory dimension, the nature (eg sharp, dull, burning), location and intensity of the pain. The affective dimension, the emotional part (eg fear,depression,anxiety) and response to pain. The impact, how is this effecting the individual participation in everyday activities. Pain location, an attempt should be made to locate the pain ask the individual to point out where the pain is. Pain intensity, pain assessment should be made using a numeric scale from 1 to 10 where 10 is the worst pain and 1 being the lowest level of pain, if the individual is able to use this.  Communication, every effort should be made to communicate with individuals with sensory impairments eg glasses, hearing aids etc. Assessment in individuals with impaired cognitive communications (eg dementia suffers) it might be needed for a regular carer and family members to help assess the pain as they will know what is a normal behavior of the individual and one which could suggest the individual is in pain. Cause of pain, a careful physical examination should take place to identify any treatable causes, however it is important to ba aware that pain can exist even if the examination is normal. Re-evaluate, it is important that the treatment is evaluated to make sure it has worked. Read more:  Understand Approaches to Managing Pain and Discomfort 2.1 Severe pain could have the ability to totally transform a person. It could affect the way a person eats and drinks, even putting them off their food completely. pain can cause frustration or unreasonable behaviour in someone who is normally calm and controlled. The individual could becone restless or suffer from sleepless nights all this could be signs of pain and could be used to help diagnois individuals who cant communicate they are in pain. Pain can cause many problems to an individuals well being and communication, pain and discomfort can make day to day life difficult causing limitations to a persons daily activities, this leads to a lower quality of life. Chronic pain causes a host of related problems a main problem can be depression the individual feels helpless and doesnt see a way out. It is important that pain is properly managed so the individual can get their quality of life back and help an individual get back their independance. It is important for none verbal people t o have a way of communication so that they can express their pain, providing the apprropriate pain management assures the dignity and well being of a patient. 2.2 You could encourage an individual to express pain and discomfort in a number of ways the best ways are to make sure the individual feels safe and at ease with you, smile sincerely, ask the individual an open ended question, be supportive make sure the individual knows they are not alone, let them take their time to open up to you. 2.3 There are a number of self-help methods of pain control it is important to make the individual aware of so they can use them. Some are more successful then others. The individual could be encouraged to do some gentle exercise or have some physiotherapy where possible. There is a distraction approach where individuals are incouraged to do something they enjoy such as reading, drawing, watching television or maybe listening to music to take there mind off their pain. Sometimes a lie down or rest can help relieve pain maybe the individual could be incourage to take a rest when the pain is really bad. It can sometimes help if the individual has a bath or shower the warmness of the water can ease pain in some cases. 2.4 Assist an individual to be positioned safely and comfortably, this may be different for different individuals it is important to consult the individuals care plan. Once an individual is moved according to their care plan and in compliance with safe moving and handling guidelines you may need to make them more comfortable using aids. The individual may need more cushions to make them more comfortable, they may need their feet elevating, the person may need to be seating in a recliner for comfort. 2.5 Measurements to minimise the individuals pain and discomfortmay include repostioning, adjustments to bedding, heating, lightening or noise, the use of specialist mattresses and pressure reducing aids, Also analgesias Pain killers) maybe requested for the individual all measures in the care plan must be followed. The ways pain and discomfort may be managed include massage, yoga, meditation and medication. 3.1 Carry out all monitoring according to the individuals care plan. The individual maybe on 15 min, 30 min, or hourly checks these need to be carried out. If the individual can communicate it is important for you to ask them about any pain, has the individuals mood or behaviour changed are the signs of pain and discomfort there. 3.2 Records should be completed in a required way as explained in the individuals care plan. All pain killers administered should be documented on the MARS sheet. 3.3 All findings and concerns should be reported correctly to the person in charge and documented in the care plan.

Case study: Engineering Products

CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF POWERANDCONTROL OPERATING AT ENGINEERING PRODUCTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE MANAGERSANDEmployee A.Introduction This paper presents a critical scrutiny of the impact of power and control that exists at Engineering Products. The appraisal is viewed from two positions: from the directors and from the employees. The paper is structured with a context of the treatment, the critical scrutiny from the positions of the directors and so the employees, and so the decisions from the critical appraisal. B.Context The instance survey focuses on the Engineering Products’ division focused on edifice automotive constituents. This division is presented in the instance as the largest of the firm’s concern countries, whose employees form c.60 % of the work force of the company. In the actions taken by the division’s workss and the enterprises being pursued within the division, an apprehension of the power and control of the directors and the employees is presented. C.Impact OF POWERANDCONTROL – MANAGERS’ PERSPECTIVE A driver of the integrating enterprises of Engineering Products for its automotive constituents division was from the demands of the clients for standard constituents across assorted markets. From the managers’ position, there are a figure of avenues that present itself for the directors to act upon the behavior of the employees and drive the actions of the workss of the automotive constituents division. These cardinal avenues are the undermentioned:Through top-down ‘think tanks’– These are the ‘manufacturing councils’ and the International College of Engineering which are designed to be ways for the division to larn new methods from other people in other workss and implement these new methods to better the public presentation of their workss and the productiveness of the division overall. The usage of think armored combat vehicles in administrations has been found to be an effectual manner to develop organizational acquisition and, if decently implemented and complemented with employee preparation, can take to considerable alteration in the productiveness and effectivity of administrations. [ 1 ] Engineering Products is therefore o n the right path in footings of using believe tank type of enterprises to drive organizational acquisition and implement the enterprises that could hold important alterations to the administration and lead to the improved public presentation of the automotive division of the house. The power and control that the directors are able to deduce from the think armored combat vehicle construct relies on the corporate thought of a successful group of directors in set uping alteration in the administration to prosecute the integrating that is required in the sector to run into customers’ demands.Internal advisers– Engineering Products has besides conceptualised an inaugural wherein directors with specific experience or cognition of new practises are assigned as nomadic directors who ‘roam’ from one works to another works to implement the new practises that could alter the actions and behaviors of employees, and lead to increased productiveness and efficiency for t he employees and the workss. Internal advisers have found success in many administrations and have had positive impact through their actions peculiarly if they are directors who are able to â€Å"deal with anyone necessary to acquire the occupation done, change organizational construction, invite others to fall in in determination devising, portion information, and, seek to get the hang most of the managerial disciplines.† [ 2 ] For Engineering Products, the success of the internal advisers lies in their ability to leverage the credibleness that they bring after holding developed the new practises that they are efficaciously implementing ( or â€Å"preaching† ) in the workss across the divisions. As the internal advisers see success in their enterprises, their credibleness will spread out and they will be able to exercise more power and control over the employees, and over the alterations that they implement in the workss.Best practise meetings– In add-on to the ‘top-down think tanks’ and the internal advisers, Engineering Products besides have directors portion on a regular basis with other directors the best practises that have been implemented in their ain workss to profit other workss, and guarantee that the overall productiveness of the automotive constituents division of Engineering Products is improved. The best practise meetings that Engineering Products has designed could be a productive enterprise. As the work force of Engineering Products is mostly international, the usage of best practise meetings and the sharing of the success and acquisitions from other parts of the concern have been identified to be an effectual manner of conveying the best out of the administration and implementing the acquisitions across the house. [ 3 ] From the managers’ position, the usage of best practise meetings among the directors to portion acquisitions is another manner of using their power and control over employees by adding another influencing method through the usage of the best practise sharing consequences from other parts of the concern. The effectivity of the attack is dependent on the value of the best practise acquisition that is brought to the tabular array by the directors and is presented to the work force for execution in the workss.Menace of work force decrease– Directors besides exercised power and control of the employees through the menace of work force decrease. For illustration, the recent probe of the Spanish works and the execution of its practises were expected to take to a reduced work force for the division. Thus, with this menace hanging over the caputs of the employees, the directors were able to exert power and control, and have the employees act as needed or implement the actions required by the directors. In contrast to the other power and control facets of the directors, this is a different attack as it utilises the usage of fright among the employees for the director s to demo their power and control. This is a peculiarly negative procedure and experience for the work force, and the inappropriate usage of the method can take to dissatisfied employees that become full of misgiving of the direction in a house. [ 4 ] Thus, the usage of this method should merely be as a last resort and has to be handled decently in order to non hold a dysfunctional administration that is non runing decently as this will take to a hapless working environment, lower productiveness, and hapless fiscal and operating public presentation for the administration.For the most portion, the power and control exercised by the directors in the automotive division of Engineering Products relies on accomplishments and cognition, and the execution of best practises across the company. These directors efficaciously rely on the success of their practises, and use their experience as a beginning of credibleness in the actions they take, and as the footing of their direction of the emp loyees. This is positive and can be really effectual. Among the directors, Engineering Merchandises has instituted an internal competition mechanism designed to guarantee that the directors of the workss have an inducement to move in support of the aims of the house in implementing the best practises that the division’s workss have entree to, and which the directors are able to larn from the assorted avenues that have been put in topographic point by Engineering Merchandises. The directors do hold another method in which to exert power and control of employees which is contrary to the rules that the other actions present. This is the usage of the menace of redundancy of the employees. While this could be an effectual method for certain state of affairss, it is best if this attack is minimised as the unfavorable effects of the usage of this attack can be considerable for the administration. D.Impact OF POWERANDCONTROL – EMPLOYEES’ PERSPECTIVE While it would look that power and control were easy in the custodies of the directors of Engineering Products, the employees had a figure of ways in which to act upon the determinations that were being made, an the actions of the directors that would impact the employees. The cardinal ways in which the employees showed power and control were:Employee representation– While non existing in all workss, most workss had established employee representation through the brotherhoods which existed in the workss. Through the brotherhoods, direction in Engineering Merchandises were ‘forced’ to listen to the employees and work with the employees on assorted issues that were raised by the employees. There have been a batch of reappraisals of the corporate criterions and behavior that administrations prosecute, and the usage of employee representation has been an effectual manner for employees to guarantee that there is just intervention of the employees and besides an constit ution of proper on the job criterions and conditions for the work force. [ 5 ] Thus, one can reason that employee representation is one of the most effectual ways to guarantee that employees besides have power and control on their state of affairs in administrations. For Engineering Merchandises, this is the instance for some of the workss wherein employee representation exists. For the other markets where this is non the state of affairs, so there would look to be less power and control for those employees when compared to their opposite numbers, and surely, when compared to the power and control that the directors have presently in their disposal to pull off the employees.Adoption of the new and best practises from other workss– Employees besides had power and control in how the enterprises that were introduced as best practises were decently implemented in the workss. This is so because the employees finally would be the 1s that implement the new practises or the best prac tises that have been introduced in the workss. Therefore, employees were able to act upon the result through their direct engagement in the execution of the best practises in the workss. The extent of the usage of employees of the acceptance of best practises as a manner to exert power and control is mostly dependent on the relationship and interaction between directors and employees. For administrations which have developed and strong and positive relationships between directors and employees, the acceptance of the best practises from other workss is non questioned by employees, and is embraced easy peculiarly if these are linked to employee authorization, and preparation and development of the employees. [ 6 ]From the employees’ position, there seems to be much less chances to demo their power and control over the directors in the house. Tocopherol.Decision The demand of the clients in footings of the quality and criterions of the constituent parts drove the automotive constituents division of Engineering Products into implementing enterprises designed to better the standardization across the division including the interaction of the directors and employees. As shown, there are a figure of attacks that from the managers’ perspective the house can utilize as power and control in set uping alterations to the administration which include the usage of top down think armored combat vehicles, internal advisers, best practise meetings, and the menace of redundancy. From the employees’ position, there is less range to demo their power and control ( and for some of the employees, even less so ) as they merely have mostly the employee representation and the acceptance of the best practises in the workss as the tools to act upon power and control. Fortunately, the cardinal attacks taken by the division’s directors seem to be positive attacks that rely on the usage of experience and capablenesss to act upon employees and non the usage of fright such as redundancy. 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